Infecção de sítio cirúrgico em osteossíntese de fêmur: incidência e fatores associados / Infección del sitio quirúrgico en la osteosíntesis femoral: incidencia y factores asociados res / Surgical site infection in femoral osteosynthesis: incidence and associated factors

RESUMO Objetivo: determinar a incidência e os fatores associados da infecção de sítio cirúrgico em osteossíntese de fêmur em uma unidade hospitalar filantrópica no interior de Minas Gerais - Brasil. Método: estudo transversal, descritivo e retrospectivo conduzido no período de 2 de fevereiro de 2017 a 31 de março de 2019. Os dados foram extraídos dos prontuários e das fichas de notificação das infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde. Resultados: a incidência de infecções de sítio cirúrgico foi de 5,5%. 46,7% dos pacientes foram reinternados, 26,7% fizeram desbridamento cirúrgico e o tempo médio da internação foi de 13,5±6,2 dias. Não houve registro de óbitos. A profilaxia antimicrobiana foi observada em 80% dos pacientes. Resultados: reporte de experiencia de los diez años de implementación del programa de residencia. Los datos se obtuvieron de documentos internos e informes de coordinadores y tutores. Se capacitó a trescientos setenta y dos profesionales. Entre los avances del programa, cabe destacar el incremento en el número de vacantes y especialidades, la consolidación del Reglamento Interno, la gestión computarizada de la información académica, el incentivo a la investigación y el mejoramiento de la asistencia en el ámbito hospitalario. Conclusão: o estudo contribuiu para a geração de indicadores de saúde e de avaliação que proporcionaram o rastreamento das infecções de sítio cirúrgico e vigilância ativa para a construção de estratégias de prevenção de eventos adversos institucionais.

RESUMEN Objetivo: determinar la incidencia y los factores asociados a la infección del sitio quirúrgico en osteosíntesis femoral en una unidad hospitalaria filantrópica del interior de Minas Gerais - Brasil. Método: estudio transversal, descriptivo y retrospectivo realizado en el periodo comprendido entre el 2 de febrero de 2017 y el 31 de marzo de 2019. Los datos se extrajeron de las historias clínicas y de los formularios de notificación de infecciones relacionadas con la atención sanitaria. Resultados: la incidencia de infecciones del sitio quirúrgico fue del 5,5%. El 46,7% de los pacientes reingresaron, el 26,7% fueron sometidos a desbridamiento quirúrgico y la duración media de la estancia fue de 13,5±6,2 días. No había registro de muertes. La profilaxis antimicrobiana se observó en el 80% de los pacientes. Conclusión: el estudio contribuyó a la generación de indicadores de salud y evaluación que proporcionaron el seguimiento de las infecciones del sitio quirúrgico y la vigilancia activa para la construcción de estrategias de prevención de eventos adversos institucionales.

ABSTRACT Objective: to determine the incidence and associated factors of surgical site infection in femoral osteosynthesis in a philanthropic hospital unit in the interior of Minas Gerais - Brazil. Method: cross-sectional, descriptive, retrospective study conducted from February 2, 2017, to March 31, 2019. Data were extracted from medical records and health care-related infection notification forms. Results: the incidence of surgical site infections was 5.5%. 46.7% of the patients were readmitted, 26.7% had surgical debridement and the mean length of stay was 13.5±6.2 days. No deaths were reported. Antimicrobial prophylaxis was observed in 80% of the patients. Conclusion: the study contributed to the generation of health and evaluation indicators that provided the tracking of surgical site infections and active surveillance for the construction of strategies to prevent institutional adverse events.

Conhecimento, imunização contra hepatite B e uso das medidas de biossegurança por estudantes da área da saúde em uma universidade no interior de Minas Gerais, Brasil / Knowledge, immunization against hepatitis B and use of biosafety measures by students of the health area at a University in the interior of Minas Gerais, Brazil / Conocimiento, imunización contra hepatites B y uso de las medidas de bioseguridad por estudiantes del área de la salud em uma Universidad em el interior de Minas Gerais, Brasil

Justificativa e Objetivo: O vírus da hepatite B tem alta prevalência mundial, com forte impacto na saúde pública, o que justifica as estratégias de vigilância e prevenção dos possíveis agravos. O risco da exposição ao vírus entre os estudantes e profissionais de saúde constitui uma grande preocupação mostrando-se baixa a adesão desse público as medidas de biossegurança. O objetivo foi avaliar o conhecimento, imunização contra hepatite B e uso das medidas de biossegurança por estudantes da área da saúde em uma universidade no interior de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal, descritivo, com aplicação de questionário, de autopreenchimento, a estudantes da área da saúde composto por variáveis sociodemográficas e referentes ao tema biossegurança. Resultados: Dentre os 540 estudantes que participaram do estudo, 37,2% declararam não ter conhecimento sobre biossegurança, e desse total, 28,9% não foram vacinados contra a hepatite B, 32,4% dos estudantes consideraram que não estavam expostos ao vírus da hepatite B, e desses 25,7% não eram vacinados. Ainda o estudo mostrou que 13,3% dos estudantes não usavam luvas e destes 41,7% não eram vacinados. Conclusão: Verificou-se que existem lacunas em relação ao conhecimento e uso das medidas de biossegurança, entre estas, a falha da imunização contra hepatite B. Neste sentido, faz-se necessária a adoção de políticas de educação permanente com inclusão sistemática do tema biossegurança e adoção de mecanismos que garantirão a imunização desses estudantes.(AU)

Rationale and Objective: The hepatitis B virus has a high global prevalence, with a strong impact on public health, which justifies strategies for surveillance and prevention of possible diseases. The risk of exposure to the virus among students and health professionals is a major concern showing that public adherence to biosafety measures is low. The objective was to evaluate knowledge, immunization against hepatitis B and use of biosafety measures by students of the health area at a university in the interior of Minas Gerais. Methods: Cross - sectional, descriptive study with self - filling questionnaires to health students composed of sociodemographic variables and about biosafety. Results: Of the 540 students who participated in the study, 37.2% declared that they did not know about biosafety, and of that total, 28.9% were not vaccinated against hepatitis B, 32.4% of the students considered that they were not exposed to biosafety hepatitis B virus, and of these 25.7% were not vaccinated. Still the study showed that 13.3% of the students did not use gloves and of these 41.7% were not vaccinated. Conclusion: It was verified that there are gaps in the knowledge and use of biosafety measures, among them, the failure of immunization against hepatitis B. In this sense, it is necessary to adopt policies of permanent education with systematic inclusion of biosafety and the adoption of mechanisms that will guarantee the immunization of these students.(AU)

Justificación y Objetivos: El virus de la hepatitis B tiene alta prevalencia mundial, con fuerte impacto en la salud pública, lo que justifica las estrategias de vigilancia y prevención de los posibles agravios. El riesgo de exposición al virus entre los estudiantes y los profesionales de la salud constituye una gran preocupación por la baja de la adhesión de este público a las medidas de bioseguridad. El objetivo fue evaluar el conocimiento, inmunización contra hepatitis B y el uso de las medidas de bioseguridad por estudiantes del área de la salud en una universidad en el interior de Minas Gerais. Métodos: Estudio transversal, descriptivo, con aplicación de cuestionario, de auto-relleno, a estudiantes del área de salud compuesto por variables sociodemográficas y sobre el tema bioseguridad. Resultados: Entre los 540 estudiantes que participaron en el estudio, el 37,2% declaró no tener conocimiento sobre bioseguridad, y de ese total, el 28,9% no fueron vacunados contra la hepatitis B, el 32,4% de los estudiantes consideró que no estaban expuestos al riesgo, virus de la hepatitis B, y de ese 25,7% no eran vacunados. Aún el estudio mostró que el 13,3% de los estudiantes no usaban guantes y de los 41,7% no eran vacunados. Conclusión: Se verificó que existen lagunas en relación al conocimiento y uso de las medidas de bioseguridad, entre éstas, el fallo de la inmunización contra hepatitis B. En este sentido, se hace necesaria la adopción de políticas de educación permanente con inclusión sistemática del tema bioseguridad y la adopción de mecanismos que garantizarán la inmunización de esos estudiantes.(AU)

Leishmanicidal compounds of Nectria pseudotrichia, an endophytic fungus isolated from the plant Caesalpinia echinata (Brazilwood)

BACKGROUND In a screen of extracts from plants and fungi to detect antileishmanial activity, we found that the ethyl acetate extract of the fungus Nectria pseudotrichia, isolated from the tree Caesalpinia echinata (Brazilwood), is a promising source of bioactive compounds. OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to isolate and determine the chemical structures of the compounds responsible for the antileishmanial activity of the organic extract from N. pseudotrichia. METHODS Compounds were isolated by chromatographic fractionation using semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography, and their chemical structures were determined by analytical and spectral data and by comparison with published data. The antileishmanial activity of the isolated compounds was evaluated in intracellular amastigote forms of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis expressing firefly luciferase as reporter gene, and cytotoxicity was determined in Vero and THP-1 mammalian cell lines by MTT assay. FINDINGS Fractionation of the extract yielded seven compounds: 10-acetyl trichoderonic acid A (1), 6′-acetoxy-piliformic acid (2), 5′,6′-dehydropiliformic acid (3), piliformic acid (4), hydroheptelidic acid (5), xylaric acid D (6), and cytochalasin D (7). Compounds 1, 2 and 3 are reported here for the first time. Compounds 1, 2, and 5 were more active, with IC50 values of 21.4, 28.3, and 24.8 µM, respectively, and showed low toxicity to Vero and THP-1 cells. MAIN CONCLUSIONS N. pseudotrichia produces secondary metabolites that are more toxic to intracellular amastigote forms of L. (V.) braziliensis than to mammalian cells.

Bioactive endophytic fungi isolated from Caesalpinia echinata Lam. (Brazilwood) and identification of beauvericin as a trypanocidal metabolite from Fusarium sp.

Aiming to identify new sources of bioactive secondary metabolites, we isolated 82 endophytic fungi from stems and barks of the native Brazilian tree Caesalpinia echinata Lam. (Fabaceae). We tested their ethyl acetate extracts in several in vitro assays. The organic extracts from three isolates showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli [minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) 32-64 μg/mL]. One isolate inhibited the growth of Salmonella typhimurium (MIC 64 μg/mL) and two isolates inhibited the growth of Klebsiella oxytoca (MIC 64 μg/mL), Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis (MIC 64-128 μg/mL). Fourteen extracts at a concentration of 20 μg/mL showed antitumour activities against human breast cancer and human renal cancer cells, while two isolates showed anti-tumour activities against human melanoma cancer cells. Six extracts were able to reduce the proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, indicating some degree of selective toxicity. Four isolates were able to inhibit Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and one isolate inhibited Trypanosoma cruzi by at least 40% at 20 μg/mL. The trypanocidal extract obtained from Fusarium sp. [KF611679] culture was subjected to bioguided fractionation, which revealed beauvericin as the compound responsible for the observed toxicity of Fusarium sp. to T. cruzi. This depsipeptide showed a half maximal inhibitory concentration of 1.9 μg/mL (2.43 μM) in a T. cruzi cellular culture assay.

The antimicrobial activity of lapachol and its thiosemicarbazone and semicarbazone derivatives

Lapachol was chemically modified to obtain its thiosemicarbazone and semicarbazone derivatives. These compounds were tested for antimicrobial activity against several bacteria and fungi by the broth microdilution method. The thiosemicarbazone and semicarbazone derivatives of lapachol exhibited antimicrobial activity against the bacteria Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.05 and 0.10 µmol/mL, respectively. The thiosemicarbazone and semicarbazone derivatives were also active against the pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus gattii (MICs of 0.10 and 0.20 µmol/mL, respectively). In addition, the lapachol thiosemicarbazone derivative was active against 11 clinical isolates of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, with MICs ranging from 0.01-0.10 µmol/mL. The lapachol-derived thiosemicarbazone was not cytotoxic to normal cells at the concentrations that were active against fungi and bacteria. We synthesised, for the first time, thiosemicarbazone and semicarbazone derivatives of lapachol. The MICs for the lapachol-derived thiosemicarbazone against S. aureus, E. faecalis, C. gattii and several isolates of P. brasiliensis indicated that this compound has the potential to be developed into novel drugs to treat infections caused these microbes.